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Relational developmental systems

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Relational developmental systems (RDS) is a <a href="Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental psychological</a> <a href="Metatheory" title="Metatheory">metatheory</a> and <a href="Conceptual_framework" title="Conceptual framework">conceptual framework</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-1">[1]</a> It is an extension of <a href="Developmental_systems_theory" title="Developmental systems theory">developmental systems theory</a> that is based on the view that relationism is a superior alternative to <a href="Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesian</a> <a href="Mechanism_(philosophy)" title="Mechanism (philosophy)">mechanism</a>. RDS is the leading framework in modern <a href="Developmental_science" title="Developmental science">developmental science</a>. According to RDS metatheory, interactions between individuals and their environments, rather than either entity acting separately, are the cause of all aspects of <a href="Human_development_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development (psychology)">human development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> The term "relational developmental systems paradigm" has been used to refer to the combination of the RDS metatheory and the relationist worldview.<a href="#cite_note-:9-3">[3]</a> The RDS framework is also fundamentally distinct from that of quantitative <a href="Behavioral_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral genetics">behavioral genetics</a>, in that the former focuses on the causes of individual development, while the latter focuses on <a href="Individual_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual differences">individual differences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-4">[4]</a> RDS theorists reject the dichotomies associated with <a href="Cartesian_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartesian dualism">Cartesian dualism</a>, such as those between <a href="Nature_and_nurture" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature and nurture">nature and nurture</a>, and between <a href="Basic_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic science">basic</a> and <a href="Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div>

Relational Developmental Systems (RDS) is a set of rules for the theories in developmental psychology. It is based on a worldview known as relationism.

Worldviews are approaches taken to understand how the world works.<a href="#cite_note-:9-3">[3]</a> Relationism is a worldview suggesting that no element is separate to the context around it, including its relations to other elements. It is against the <a href="Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesian</a> worldview, which splits opposite ideas into divisions such as '<a href="Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">nature-versus-nurture</a>', <a href="Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">'mind versus the body'</a> and 'culture versus biology'.<a href="#cite_note-:9-3">[3]</a> Relationism instead forms explanations by combining ideas, even if they are separate and conflicting.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> RDS and relationism can be combined to form an overall scientific framework for human development.<a href="#cite_note-:9-3">[3]</a>

RDS can also be considered as an extension to <a href="Developmental_systems_theory" title="Developmental systems theory">developmental systems theory</a>, which suggests that factors such as genes and the environment interact to influence development.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assumptions">Assumptions</h2></div>

Relational Developmental Systems proposes that human development cannot be understood without understanding the multiple relationships between individuals and their biological, psychological, social and historical contexts.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-3">[3]</a> It therefore rejects the idea that development is primarily influenced by one factor, such as <a href="Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>. Current <a href="Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental psychologists</a> explore the various types of relationships between the individuals and their context.<a href="#cite_note-:3-1">[1]</a>

Individuals can have an active role in choosing which contexts to engage with based on the benefits they provide. From an <a href="Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary perspective of psychology</a>, this can be beneficial for survival.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-3">[3]</a>

RDS also emphasises that individuals can constantly develop across their life-span.<a href="#cite_note-:3-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-3">[3]</a> These changes can occur across time and across locations.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a> RDS also suggests that experiences, thoughts and emotion are influenced by the link between a person, their biology and their culture.<a href="#cite_note-:9-3">[3]</a>

Research into RDS involves flexible research approaches considering associations across multiple variables, moving away from methods attempting to explain behaviour in terms of one causal variable.<a href="#cite_note-:5-8">[8]</a> RDS uses <a href="Longitudinal_study" title="Longitudinal study">longitudinal studies</a> to measure an individual's development across time, as well as methods that consider individuals, rather than variables, as the key focus of the study.<a href="#cite_note-:6-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-8">[8]</a> Research indicates that RDS-based research approaches do not have to be in conflict with research methods into quantitative behaviour genetics, which is a field considering genes and the environment as separate influences on behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-:9-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-4">[4]</a>

The 4-H study is a <a href="Longitudinal_study" title="Longitudinal study">longitudinal study</a> investigating how RDS can explain the development of adolescents' positive behaviours.<a href="#cite_note-:7-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-8">[8]</a> It investigated factors influencing adolescents' development of five key traits: confidence, caring, connection, character and ability to perform a task. This study was conducted across 7 years of the adolescents' lives. Researchers found that positive youth development was influenced by contextual factors such as relationships with family and friends, as well as individual factors such as natural motivation and engagement levels.<a href="#cite_note-:7-9">[9]</a>

The 4-H study also provided evidence for the individual having an active role in their development.<a href="#cite_note-:5-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-9">[9]</a> Adolescents were able to optimise their development by adjusting their personal goals and expectations based on the social situation and the environmental resources that they had access to.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

The principles behind RDS have useful applications for <a href="Developmental_science" title="Developmental science">developmental science</a>.

RDS presents adolescents in a more positive light than some previous <a href="Developmental_science" title="Developmental science">developmental science</a> research, which portrayed adolescents as trouble-makers and poor contributors to society.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Therefore, RDS can be used to encourage positive development in adolescents.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-10">[10]</a> RDS suggests that due to our ability to constantly change, adolescents have the potential to develop co-operative and considerate behaviours. There has been increasing research into how policies can encourage adolescents' use of this potential by altering the context that individuals are in.<a href="#cite_note-:8-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-9">[9]</a> Research also applies RDS to understanding the development of adolescents' health.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a>

In addition, RDS can be used to understand how senior citizens' involvement with sport can change. Research from the 'European Review of Ageing and Physical Activity' indicated that a combination of individual-related and context-related factors can influence sports participation in the elderly.<a href="#cite_note-:3-1">[1]</a>

Individual-related influences on senior citizens' sports involvement included:

<ul><li>Income</li>

<li>Education level</li>

<li>Living arrangements</li>

<li>Individuals' competitiveness levels</li></ul>

Context-related influences included:

<ul><li>The opportunity to connect with others through sport</li>

<li>Family members' attitudes towards the individuals' engagement with sport</li></ul>

Within developmental psychology, RDS can be applied to understanding multiple forms of development, including our <a href="Moral_development" title="Moral development">moral development</a> and our development of <a href="Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-3">[3]</a>

When considering the broader fields of <a href="Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> and <a href="Behavioural_sciences" title="Behavioural sciences">behavioural science</a>, RDS parallels new approaches taken to <a href="Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> and to the <a href="Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">mind-body problem</a>. A recent approach to <a href="Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> indicates that we can evolve through our genes' constant adaptations to environmental contexts.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Findings from the International Journal of Epidemiology links this research to RDS, suggesting that our ability to change over time involves interaction between genes and the environment.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The approach of RDS also influences the view that the mind is not separate from the context of our physical body.<a href="#cite_note-:9-3">[3]</a>

Research suggests that RDS is currently considered to be the "leading framework in <a href="Developmental_science" title="Developmental science">developmental science</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> It can provide a foundation for recent discoveries in the fields of <a href="Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, <a href="Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> and <a href="Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">cultural psychology</a>, that are based on interactions between elements.<a href="#cite_note-:9-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2></div>

The approach of RDS to methodology can be practically difficult to commit to and therefore pose a "challenge" to researchers.<a href="#cite_note-:5-8">[8]</a> It can also be difficult to select factors influencing each individuals' development. In practice, this difficulty create uncertainty when evaluating programs influencing young peoples' development.<a href="#cite_note-:5-8">[8]</a>

It can also be hard to apply results from research that gathered data from a particular point in time to the whole duration of a person's development.<a href="#cite_note-:5-8">[8]</a> This is further supported by research from the journal 'Human and Development', which suggests that it may be hard to apply research based on RDS to all situations that an individual can be in.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a>

Although RDS rejects the <a href="Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesian</a> worldview, this worldview has been "influential" in developmental science in the past.<a href="#cite_note-:9-3">[3]</a> For example, a cognitive approach to the <a href="Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">mind-body problem</a> suggesting that the mind is the brain and separate from external environments is "framed" by a <a href="Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesian</a> approach. Moreover, some cross-cultural research in <a href="Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental psychology</a> has considered culture as being separate from the individual.<a href="#cite_note-:9-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Henrich, Joseph (2016). HOW TO MAKE A CULTURAL SPECIES. In The Secret of Our Success: How Culture Is Driving Human Evolution, Domesticating Our Species, and Making Us Smarter (pp. 34–53). Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77f0d.7

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<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBatesonGluckman2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bateson, Patrick; Gluckman, Peter (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/41/1/219/651718">"Plasticity and robustness in development and evolution"</a>. International Journal of Epidemiology. 41 (1): 219–223. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyr240">10.1093/ije/dyr240</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1464-3685">1464-3685</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22422456">22422456</a> – via Oxford Academic.</cite>

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